Starbucks Case Accounting

Starbucks Case Part I – Prior to reading Starbuck’s Form 10-K, please answer the following questions. Your answers should be based upon your general knowledge of Starbucks, gained from visiting their stores, purchasing their products and/or observing them in the marketplace. a. Up until the economic downturn (Fall of 2008) what do you believe was Starbucks’ growth strategy? Give three examples of specific actions (growth initiatives) you observed Starbucks execute upon as part of their growth strategy? 1. Saturate the U. S. arket: Based on our observations, it seemed that Starbuck’s primary strategy for growth was to saturate the U. S. market. At one point there seemed to be a Starbucks at every corner, sometimes so close that one had to wonder why in the heck they were opening stores within a couple dozen feet from each other. 2. Expand internationally: We presume that one of their growth goals was to expand abroad, specially if they began to realize they were cannibalizing their own established stores, so they likely had to go outside of the U. S. o keep up their growth targets. 3. Develop complementary products/alternative revenue sources: We also think that around 2006-2007 was when they started to promote downloadable music and also began to sell CDs & books in stores; which means they began to more aggressively add alternative revenue channels, beyond that of coffee/drinks, to their many locations. (Personally, I purchased a bottle of Starbucks coffee liqueur around that time, which I still have because it’s not as good as other coffee liqueurs such as Kahlua. b. How do you believe Starbucks measured their success in executing their growth strategy? Give four specific measures you might use to evaluate the success of Starbucks’ growth strategy. Very likely that they were measuring it against number of new stores opened, and sales growth. We would probably use the following to evaluate the success of Starbuck’s growth strategy: 1. Sales growth. 2. Operating Revenues. 3. Net income. 4. Return on assets. The remaining sections of the case should be completed after you have read Starbucks Form 10-K and any other information deemed pertinent. Part II – Results of the audit by Starbucks’ outside independent accountant, status of Starbucks’ financial reporting controls and industry specific accounting. a. Who is Starbucks’ outside independent auditor? Did Starbucks receive a qualified or unqualified (clean) audit report from their outside independent auditor for the 2010 fiscal year end? a. Deloitte & Touche, LLP. b. Unqualified. b. What was Starbucks management’s conclusion in their report on internal control for financial reporting? What was the outside independent auditor’s conclusion regarding management’s review and assessment of financial reporting controls? . That their internal control over financial reporting was effective as of October 3, 2010. d. That Starbucks maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of October 3, 2010. c. How does Starbucks account for gift cards? What impact do unredeemed gift cards have on the reported operating income in each year? How does Starbucks’ accounting for unredeemed gift cards compare to other retailers? e. Revenues for cards are recognized when tendered for payment, or upon redemption. Outstanding balances are included in deferred revenue on the balance sheet. Balances on cards that are deemed unlikely to be redeemed, get recognized as net interest income. f. Operating income is increased by balances on cards thought unlikely to be redeemed; therefore, it can be argued that operating income is being overstated by the addition of â€Å"unlikely-to-be-redeemed† card balances to net interest income. g. Gift card balances by other retailers are probably carried as a liability (unearned revenue). When gift cards are not redeemed, some retailers return the balances to the state where the card was issued assuming the unclaimed balance to be â€Å"unclaimed property† in some states. As seen above, Starbucks does carry outstanding balances as deferred revenue (a liability) as well, but once the cards are deemed unlikely to be redeemed, it treats the unclaimed balance as an asset. Part III – Trend Analysis of Sales and Earnings Growth During 2006 – 2010 Review Starbucks income statement and common size income statement for the years 2006 through 2010. Identify and comment on the major trends in the growth in Starbucks sales and earnings, including: a. Sales growth – was Starbucks’ sales growth consistent or inconsistent over the above five year period? Do you see signs of acceleration or deceleration in Starbucks’ historic growth rates? How does Starbucks’ sales growth compare to its industry averages? Are same store sales or the opening of new stores the more important factor in driving Starbucks’ sales growth during this period? Do you believe Starbucks sale trends over the past few years will continue over the next two to three years? Please provide rationale for your belief. Starbucks’ sales growth was inconsistent over the above 5 year period. Data from the last 5 years suggests that Starbucks’ growth rate is actually decelerating. Starbucks’ sales growth was below the industry sales growth. The industry has average 9. 25% over the last 5 years while Starbucks averaged 7. 5% only. The opening of new stores is vital to Starbucks’ sales strategy. During 2006, 2007, and 2008, Starbucks added 2199, 2571, and 1669 net stores. During the same years, sales grew by 22%, 21%, and 10% respectively. During 2009, Starbucks reduced 45 stores and their sales dropped by 7%. In 2010, Starbucks added 223 stores and not surprisingly their sales increased by 10%. In our opinion, Starbucks’ sales will continue to grow but at a decreasing rate over the next 2 to 3 years. This projection is based on historical sales data from the last 5 years which suggest a deceleration of sales growth. Starbucks’ average sales growth for the last 5 years is 11%. In 2006, Starbucks’ sales grew by 22%. This suggests a deceleration of sales growth. b. Gross margins – did gross margins expand, contract or hold steady over the period? What major factors account for the trend you’ve identified? The gross margin has held steady over the last 5 years ranging anywhere from 55% to 59%. Gross margin is affected by sales and cost of sales. c. Operating expense – make sure you look at operating expenses in both absolute dollar terms and as a percent of sales. Did operating expenses grow slower, faster or at the same rate as revenues? Would you expect to see more leverage on Starbucks’ cost base, given their growth history? (Note: operating leverage is demonstrated when a company’s operating expenses grow at slower rate than its sales, thereby resulting in operating earnings growing faster than sales. ) Do you believe Starbucks’ cost base is mostly fixed, mostly variable or an equal mix of each? What implication does the structure of Starbucks cost base (i. e. % fixed / variable) have on the relationship between the growth rates of revenues and earnings? Make sure you present information to support your conclusion. Operating expenses have grown at a higher rate than revenues over the last 5 years. Revenues grew at an average of 7% while operating expenses have grown at an average of 11. 34%. Based on these numbers, we expect to see less leverage on Starbucks’ cost base as operating expenses are growing at a higher rate than revenues. The fact that Starbucks’ operating expenses are growing at a higher rate than its revenues shows that Starbucks’ cost base is mostly variable. This is also proven by the income statement as most of Starbucks’ operating expenses are Cost of Sales and Store Operating expenses. Most of these are usually variable. Having more variable expenses usually means that earnings will not necessarily grow at the same rate as revenues. This is demonstrated by the income statement from the last 5 years. Starbucks’ revenues and earnings have grown at different rates over each year of the last 5 years. The average earnings growth per year over the last 5 years is 12. 62% as compared to an average sales growth per year of 7. 5%. d. Operating income – have operating earnings grown at the same rate, faster or slower than sales? What factors (e. g. gross margins, operating expense/charges) account for the trend you’ve identified? Be specific and provide support for your answer. Operating income has grown at a faster rate than sales on a per year basis over the last 5 years. Sales growth has averaged 7. 5% per year as compared to an operating income growth of 11. 75% per year during the same period. The reason that operating income has grown so fast is because Starbucks recently made changes to its cost structure that made it more efficient. As per the 10-k statement filed with the SEC, Starbucks decreased its Cost of Sales by 260 basis points by making their supply chain process more efficient. This resulted in lower food, beverage, and paper packaging costs. Because of its sales leverage, Starbucks was also able to decrease its occupancy costs. Because of the reduced costs, Starbucks was able to have a higher operating income in 2010. This caused the 5 year average to jump up to 11. 75%. Also contributing to this growth was the fact that sales increased at a higher rate than operating expenses. Therefore, operating income also went up at a higher rate than sales. e. Net Income – has net income grown at the same rate, faster or slower than sales? What factors (e. g. gross margins, operating expense, non-operating items) account for the trend you’ve identified? Be specific and provide support for your answer. Net Income has increased at a higher rate than sales also on a per year basis for the last five years. In fact, Net Income has pretty much mirrored Operating Income in growth. The factors tied to Net Income are Sales, Operating Expenses, Interest, and Taxes. Taxes remained relatively proportionate EBT each year. During each of the 5 years, Starbucks experienced a positive interest income for 3 years and a negative for 2 years. This helped Starbucks increase their Net Income. However, the factor that affected Net Income the most was Operating Expenses. Operating expenses grew at a slower rate than sales from 2006 to 2010. This resulted in Starbucks having a higher Operating Income which in turn resulted in a higher net income. Starbucks’ net income grew by 142. 2% in 2010 from the previous year. This big change resulted in the average net income growth rate to increase to 12. 62%. During the same period, Sales has grown by 7. 5% and operating expenses grew by 7%. All of this contributed to the Net Income growing at a higher rate than sales. f. Earnings per share – Does Starbucks’ earnings per share increase/decrease at a rate consistent with revenue and net income. Why is this? Do you expect this relationship to continue into the future? Starbucks’ EPS increases and decreases at a rate consistent with net income but not sales. This is because earnings per share are calculated by taking the net income and dividing that into the number of shares outstanding. As a result, there is a direct correlation with net income and not sales. We expect this relationship to continue in the future as long as the number of shares outstanding doesn’t change drastically each year. Part IV – Analysis of Operating Efficiency, Liquidity and Solvency Using data included in the Form 10-K analyze Starbucks’ operating efficiency and liquidity. That is, answer the questions below. The ratio definitions used to calculate the figures in the Ratio Analysis table are described in the text and lecture notes. a. Operating efficiency: Turnover ratios. In one paragraph, explain what the values of turnover ratios reveal about Starbucks. That is, for each ratio, discuss the trend, compare Starbucks’ ratio to the industry average (for receivables, inventory turnover and asset turnover only) and discuss whether the trend indicates improvements or deteriorations in operating efficiency. Can you think of any other measures that would be useful to assess Starbucks’ operational efficiency? Turnover ratios reveal that in 2010, Starbucks’ sales increased. Receivables turnover jumped up slightly from previous years to 37. 31. The industry’s 2009 median receivables turnover is significantly higher than Starbucks’ at about 98. 64. This trend indicates that Starbucks made less sales on credit in 2010. It could also mean that Starbucks improved collecting on its accounts receivables; however, since Starbucks’ average collection period ratio has not changed in the last three years (holding steady at about 11 days), there is no indication that collection on receivables has improved. The inventory turnover ratio of 7. 8, which slightly increased from 2009, also suggests a decrease in inventories, which is supported by the drop of inventory assets shown on the balance sheet. This trend supports the observation that sales have increased significantly for Starbucks in 2010 which is always an improvement for any business. PP&E Turnover ratio of 4. 32, whi ch increased from 2009, again, demonstrates higher sales since PP&E remained at similar levels as previous years per the balance sheet. Total asset turnover, 1. 79, remained very close to last year, and is slightly less than the industry average, 1. 3. This shows Starbucks continues to generate sales at a level of almost twice as much as they carry assets on their books. The fact that their asset turnover is slightly less than that of their competitors suggests that Starbucks may have more assets than their competitors. b. Liquidity: In one paragraph, explain what the liquidity ratios (current ratio, quick ratio and cash from operations ratio) reveal about Starbucks. Include an explanation of how the cash flow from operations ratio differs from the current and quick ratios. What is your conclusion egarding Starbucks’ liquidity position? With significant increases in 2010 in current ratio, 1. 55, and quick ratio, 0. 99, Starbucks is very liquid. Quick ratio shows they have 1. 5 times current assets on the books as they do current liabilities. Likewise, the quick ratio shows they would be able to cover current liabilities with their current assets. The cash from operations ratio is . 96, which states that Starbucks’ cash from operations would not be enough to cover its current liabilities. This ratio differs from the first two in that it compares a cash flow item to a balance sheet item. It is an indication of a firm’s ability to pay off its current liabilities; however, it is the most conservative liquidity ratio since it excludes all current assets except for the most liquid: cash and equivalents. It tells that Starbucks would not quite be able to pay off all of its current liabilities with just its cash and equivalents, although it does come close. c. Solvency: Interpret the values of the relevant ratios and provide a conclusion regarding Starbucks’ ability to service its debt and risk of future insolvency. Does your conclusion change if you include â€Å"off balance sheet debt†. How much off balance sheet debt does Starbucks have as of the end of the most recent fiscal year? Starbucks’ solvency ratios suggest that it is in a strong position and would likely be able to service its debt as it shows low risk of future solvency. It’s debt to equity ratio for 2010 of 0. 73 is at the lowest it has been in the past five years. From 2009 Starbucks had a big increase in retained earnings, this pushed all solvency ratios including interest coverage, return on assets, and return on equity up. ROA and ROE were doubled from 2009 to 0. 16 and 0. 28 respectively. Likewise, interest coverage also had a big jump due to a significant increase in earnings before interest and taxes. If we include â€Å"off balance sheet debt, Starbucks debt to equity ratio increases a bit, but the trend still shows that this ratio has decreased significantly in 2010. The increase would not be enough to state that Starbucks runs a high risk of insolvency. Starbucks has $4,084. 2 in off balance sheet debt as of end of most recent fiscal year. (We assume that the numbers provided are in millions). Part V – Analysis of Cash Flow Refer to Starbucks’ cash flow statement: a. During the past three years, what was Starbucks’ largest source of cash? What were Starbucks’ two largest uses of cash? a. For the past 3 years, the largest source of cash for Starbucks was Net earnings including non-controlling assets from its operating activities. Starbucks’ two largest uses of cash were additions to property, plant and equipment, as well as purchasing available for sale securities. It is stated in the 10-k that the major components of the PPE spending were remodeling and upgrading equipment in stores, as well as updating the IT infrastructure of the retail network. b. For the past three fiscal years, has Starbucks’ CFO been adequate to fund its growth initiatives? If no, how has Starbucks funded the CFO shortfalls to fund growth? a. As stated in the 10-K Starbucks’ believes that cash flows generated from operations and existing cash and short term investments should be enough to support their core business activities. However, it is also stated that new business opportunities, joint ventures, and acquisitions would have to utilize outside funding sources. Starbucks has augmented to their cash flows by heavily investing in available for sale securities, and purchasing US Agency and investment grade bonds. These investments, and outside financing, can be used to fund growth initiatives while CFO can be used to support Starbucks’ core retail business. The 10K also mentions that the issuance of commercial paper and its proceeds can be used for working capital needs, capital expenditures, and other corporate purposes, including acquisitions and share repurchases. c. Based on your review of Starbucks’ cash flow statement, has Starbucks’ growth been driven by organic growth or acquisitions? Provide support for your answer. a. Starbucks growth has been driven organically, with strong, steady growth in net earnings including non-controlling interests, and investing a large amount of cash in property, plant, and equipment by opening new retail locations and upgrading existing stores and information systems. By utilizing CFO and short term investment earnings to support their core business, Starbucks’ has maintained a high growth, very successful retail operation. Acquisitions play a minor role compared to the growth and earnings from operating activities. d. If Starbucks continues to grow at its historic rates, does it appear that Starbucks’ CFO can fund this growth? If CFO isn’t sufficient, how might Starbucks fund its future growth? a. Yes, it does appear that Starbucks’ CFO can fund its historic growth. This is stated in the 10k; CFO and short term investments, as well as any potential future borrowings and the commercial paper program can support the existing core business as well as related marketing support, product innovations, and new business opportunities related to the core business. If CFO is not sufficient to fund the historic growth, Starbucks can utilize channels within the investment and finance sections of the cash flow statement. Particularly, Starbucks can invest more heavily in short term investments, and utilize the commercial paper program. Additionally, Starbucks purchases available for sale securities heavily – these could be sold in the future to fund any growth where CFO is not adequate to support the core business. e. During the past three fiscal years, what dollar amount of common stock did Starbucks repurchase and what dollar amount of dividends did they pay? Why would Starbucks repurchase their own stock and/or pay a dividend? How does this impact Starbucks ability to fund future growth? How did Starbucks’ strategy with regard to share repurchases and dividends change during the past few years? Why did it change? a. In 2008, Starbucks repurchased $ 311. 4 million in common stock. In 2009, Starbucks did not repurchase any stock. In 2010, Starbucks repurchased $ 285. 6 million in common stock. Starbucks may want to repurchase their own stock so that they can increase their earnings per share ratio. This is especially true if Starbucks shares were perceived as undervalued, as Starbucks can repurchase the shares and hold them in the treasury for future reissuance at a higher price. Starbucks may be able to obtain more financing and loans with better earnings per share ratio as well. Dividends can be paid to shareholders to increase the value of their shares, and encourage other interested parties to purchase Starbucks shares. Paying dividends is a way to help impact positive future growth by making the purchase of Starbucks stock more profitable – more people will want to buy it providing more cash for Starbucks to utilize. In the 10-k, it is stated that Starbucks had 1. 7 billion in CFO for 2010 compared to 1. 4 billion in fiscal 2009, and capital expenditures were approximately 440 million in both fiscal years. This left roughly $460 million for stock repurchases and dividends. Starbucks had to repay short term borrowings in 2008 and 2009, but did not have to use cash for repayment in 2010. The cash that would have been used to payback short term borrowings could instead be used to repurchase stock and pay dividends. Thus, the strategy changed because Starbucks was able to operate without short term borrowings in 2010, and was able to pass on the excess case to shareholders. Part VI – Market Valuation a. What is Starbuck’s net book value as of the end of the most recent fiscal year? What was Starbuck’s market capitalization as of that date? Why is there a difference in these two amounts? What specific items do you think comprise the difference? Starbucks’ net book value as of the end of 2010 fiscal year was $3,611,500,000 while its market cap was $19,270,826,000. The reason that the two numbers are different is because the net book value is calculated by taking the total assets of Starbucks and subtracting its intangible assets and total liabilities, while the market cap is calculated by multiplying the outstanding shares into the stock price. Because each is calculated using 5 different numbers, there will almost always be a difference in the two numbers. b. Do you believe the difference between Starbuck’s net book value and market capitalization will increase or decrease in the future? What specific factors or trends identified in Starbucks’ financial information (or identified elsewhere) support your view? We believe that the difference between Starbucks’ net book value and market capitalization will decrease in the future. One of the biggest reasons for this is the fact that Starbucks restructured its Supply Chain process to lower costs. As a result, net income grew by 142% in 2010. This was a huge turnaround by Starbucks in one year and it can be attributed to the fact that leadership identified and implemented this cost saving mechanism. Another trend that indicates that Starbucks is on its way back is the fact that they opened more stores than they closed in the last 2 years. This strategy is key to Starbucks succeeding. Third, Starbucks’ gross margin has remained constant in the last 5 years despite the down years. This shows that management knows how to cut down on costs when times are rough, or that despite financial downturns, people are still willing to pay for expensive coffee. Conclusion Refer to your responses in Part 1: How do the results of your analysis in Parts II through VI support or contradict your original thoughts regarding Starbucks growth strategy and the success or failure of the three action areas (growth initiatives) you identified? Our assumption on their strategy to saturate the U. S. Market by building as any stores as possible is supported by our discussion on sales growth, which shows that there is a direct correlation between sales revenue growth and net new stores opened. Likewise, in analyzing the CFO, we concluded that Starbucks has grown organically through their investment in PP&E, which corroborates our original thoughts. Although they probably realized they were overdoing it with having a Starbucks on every corner, their growth strategy of increasing store numb ers has been a success for the company as sales have also increased. Going forward, the challenge will be to maintain high sales rates while being able to cover its large PP&E/overhead expenses. Although we didn’t really analyze the impact of international expansion in our analysis above, according to the company’s 10-K, operating income from international activities more than doubled from 2009 to 2010; however, this increase was mostly due to foreign currency translation among other things. Therefore, our original thoughts are not necessarily proven by the data that we analyzed. Finally, we stated that one of Starbucks’ growth strategies was to develop alternative revenue sources. As we looked deeper at the reasons for sales growth, we noticed that licensing and food service both were strong contributors to the increases in net revenues. Our discussion on sales growth indirectly supports this hypothesis, since the increase in net revenues was affected by an increase in average value per transaction (as stated in the 10-K). This means that customers are not just buying coffee at the checkout stand because Starbucks is being successful at selling other complimentary goods along with their drinks. Therefore, this is definitely being a successful growth strategy for Starbucks.

Political Science Essay

†¢ State and local governments are directly involved in our daily lives. †¢ The story of states and localities over the past two decades has been one of transformation. They have shed their backward ways, reformed their institutions, and emerged as capable and proactive. †¢ State resurgence is exemplified in improved revenue systems, the expanded scope of state operations, faster diffusion of innovations, more interjurisdictional cooperation, and increased national–state conflict. †¢ Several persistent challenges dog states and localities: fiscal stress, interjurisdictional competition, and political corruption. †¢ The United States is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. The increase in population in Sunbelt states such as Nevada and Arizona outpaces the rest of the nation. Meanwhile, negative growth characterized North Dakota and Louisiana from 2000 to 2008. †¢ An outbreak of culture wars is redefining the politics of some communities and states. †¢ As a whole, the states are diverse, competitive, and resilient. Their increased capacity to govern effectively has been sorely tested in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Chapter 2 U.S. federalism is an ongoing experiment in governance. †¢ A fundamental question is, what is the proper balance of power and responsibility between the national government and the states? †¢ Actions of the courts, Congress, and the executive branch have expanded powers of the national government. †¢ Over time, the trend has generally been in the direction of a stronger national government. Beginning in the early 1980s, however, there was a resurgence of the state and local governments as political and policy actors. †¢ The power relationships among the three levels of government are described by various models, including dual and cooperative relationships among the three levels of government. federalism. The operative model is cooperative federalism, under the variant known as new federalism. A key concept in federalism is intergovernmental relations, particularly financial relationships among the three levels of government. †¢ The national government imposes certain controversial requirements on grants-in aid, including mandates and pre-emptions. http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml †¢Executive Branch The executive branch of the government is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land. The president, vice president, department heads (cabinet members), and heads of independent agencies carry out this mission. †¢Judicial Branch Courts decide arguments about the meaning of laws and how they are applied. They also decide if laws violate the Constitution—this is known as judicial review, and it is how federal courts provide checks and balances on the legislative and executive branches. †¢Legislative Branch Article I of the Constitution establishes the legislative or law making branch of government. It has a two-branch Congress—the Senate and the House of Representatives—and agencies that support Congress.

Challenges faced by non profit organisations in developing performance Essay

Challenges faced by non profit organisations in developing performance measurement systems - Essay Example profits, and the metrics that measure the efficiency, such as revenue, productivity, rejection, manpower costs, and marketing costs are known and measuring these parameters is possible (Emerson, 2009). Non-profit organisations (NPOs) are organisations that have a social impact mission; they take up charity work, and some are cooperatives, created for the mutual benefit of a community. Such organisations may earn profits from their activities, but these profits are redistributed among people they serve (Drucker, 2005). In the case of NPOs, implementing PMS is different since the objectives are not to make profits but to increase social benefits or help community members, served by the NPO. Implementing PMS in NPOs therefore becomes a challenge since the standard metrics of revenue, cost, market share, productivity, etc., have different values (Poister, 2003). This paper critically reviews the literature on effective PMS, examines the differences in PMS requirements of for profit and NPOs and discusses the implications to ensure that PMS are made effective for NPOs. An important aspect of NPOs is that they need to be efficient, since they operate with a limited budget, and many of them hire people, who must be paid wages. Performance management systems are different for profit oriented and NPOs, and the systems depend on products, and markets addressed, objectives of the organisation, and nature of operations. However, certain common elements are observed in both types of organisations. Differences are seen in the manner in which metrics are identified and evaluated (Bradach, et al, 2008). This section critically examines the literature on PMS and tools used to implement the practice. While the objectives of for profit and NPOs are different, both must be effective, utilise resources efficiently and meet their goals. A very important aspect of PMS is that it is a comparative tool, and this means that performance is measured with reference to a benchmark; else, the

Motivation and Marketing Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Motivation and Marketing Mix - Essay Example In the same way, Maslow’s theory was based on two key ideologies; they are classification of human needs and consideration of the relationship between the classes. Taylor held a fundamental and straightforward idea of what motivated people at work—money. According to his opinion, each worker should get a fair days’ pay for a fair day’s work, and the pay should be on the basis of amount produced using the piece-rates method. Thus, his theory explains that employees who do not delver a fair day’s work should be paid less or nothing and those who deliver more than a fair day’s work, going beyond the target should be paid higher. However, according to Maslow, an employee’s career begins at the bottom of the hierarchy, where he would primarily try to meet his basic needs. Moving higher on the hierarchy, he secondly searches for his psychological needs and safety needs at the next level. When these needs are met, they are no longer motivator s for him, so he would then want to satisfy his social needs, which the employer must use as a motivator. Finally, the esteem needs of an employee acts as a motivator such as, given appreciation for a job well done, awarding a promotion, etc. For example, as noted down by Oyedele (2011), a multi-national company in Nigeria watched their production increasing by more than fifteen percent after they had installed a ‘cold water tap’ and a ‘color television’ in the junior staff waiting room; the employees felt a sense of belonging in the organization and worked hard. Apart from these, the apparent weakness of Taylor’s ideology is that it leaves out the significant differences between different kinds of people. It is hard to make sure that a â€Å"best way† is going to suit everyone. In the same course, the Maslow model seems impracticable with the real-life practice as individual behavior may respond to not just one, but several needs at the same time. 2. Benefits of having a motivated work force In fact, employee motivation is one of the significant factors which help the organization to improve employees and thereby organizational performances, and hence, having a motivated workforce helps to achieve the competitive advantage that the organization tries to accomplish. There are many advantages of having a motivated workforce to the organization. First of all, an enhanced employee performance and efficiency helps the organizations to acquire higher productivity. According to Calrk (2003, p2-3), an organization having a motivated workforce can reduce their costs as the employees would not only work faster, but utilize their inventiveness to propose developments to the course of action which can lead the organization to save millions of dollars of overall cost . In the same way, motivated manpower will increase the quality of products produced by the organization (PSP Metrics, n.d). A team working efficiently will bring out t he best quality products and thereby reduce the cost of resources for work. This process helps to boost up the product value in the market making sure that the product release cycle is reduced to its minimum. Moreover,

The Organization of the Islamic State (Da'ash) Thesis

The Organization of the Islamic State (Da'ash) - Thesis Example This essay stresses that terrorism and violent protesting activities are considered as destroying factors for the entire globe. These factors can affect the normal growth of human life and prohibit individuals to lead a developed and peaceful life. It can be apparently observed in this similar context that those people who live in terrorist control regions become highly affected from the brutal and cruel activities perform by the protestant groups. It is worth mentioning that attacks make by a rebel group generally create major chaos in the political stability of a country and make adverse impact upon its economic stability. It will be vital to mention in this similar concern that the rebel group Da’ash mainly operates its protestant activities within the territory of Iraq and Syria by following the ideologies of the terror group Al-Qaida. This paper makes a conclusion that it has been also observed that the people who are living in Syria and Iraq often become the victim of the violent actives perform by Da’ash. Specially mentioning, after the separation of Al-Qaida and Front Victory, the level of violent activities has been increased at an alarming rate. Da’ash has conducted several attacks upon Syria in a regular basis. It is observed in this similar context that the higher authorities belonging to the above stated two nations failed to control the increasing power of Da’ash. It has been claimed that Da’ash is indirectly controlling several parts of Syria and Iraq by raising violent protestant activities within the two countries.

Movie relationship with book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Movie relationship with book - Essay Example He created the ICAIC, which was a film office officially managed by the government. Many of the Cuban farmers were illiterate and television was not a part of their lives. Fidel decided that film production would be the best way to educate the country on the dramatic transformation related to the revolution. However, Cuba’s film industry was relatively insignificant unlike Argentina and Mexico. The new office needed to learn a lot before production (Chanan, 5). During this time, the USSR was providing film production support under Prime Minister Khrushchev for any friendly countries to the principles of Communism. This is how the relationship between Cuba and the Soviet Union in film production evolved. During this time, the United States had isolated the Cuban government in the event of the missile crisis. Cuban post-revolutionary cinema shows how filmmaking in the country is hardly ever automatic and predictable. The United States tried to isolate Cuba for almost two decades by imposing a cultural and economic barrier. However, the Cuban cinema continued to succeed in breaching the cultural block to emphasize their creative energy and political integrity (Chanan, 7). The ‘Soy Cuba’ film did not have any English subtitles. What captured the attention of many was its amazing cinematography. The techniques of the camera used at the time shocked many reviewers because they resembled those of the steadicam before its emergence. The beauty of the film lies in the idiosyncratic mise en scene and camera acrobatics (Chanan, 21). The director shot some of the scenes close to the actors, while they avoided any direct focus with the camera. The movement of the camera to produce wide-angle shots gives the film great scenes and an outlook on the revolution. The director also divided the story into four sections to capture different perspectives. The director was a soviet and had

Organization and Group Process Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organization and Group Process - Coursework Example The facilities that organizations use in the course of operation require a lot of monitoring so that they can remain relevant to the process and this requires the leadership or the management team to provide necessary resources to achieve the set goals. This necessary in all organization including the education department where there are various demands that leaders need to put into consideration to come up with strategies to enhance learning for all the students (Passino, 2004). In order to achieve a conducive learning environment for all students, district leader can apply various plans that will ensure that all of them can achieve the most out of their learning. This means the that a district leader will need to have a good understanding of the stakeholders of education in a certain environment in that they will understand the needs of all of them and come up with ways to address them specifically. In order to optimize the learning environment in a district, a leader will need to understand the norms of the people he or she is leaders so that to get the understanding of why people behave in certain ways while they are in the environment. This will ensure that the leader will be able to introduce a plan that will maximize on the various ways those stakeholders have been doing their own things. In order to optimize the learning environment, a district leader will need to understand the organizational structure of the learning institution he or she leads to come up with a plan through which he or she can make communication. The understanding of the organizational structure will ensure that a district leader will be able plan of the best way to ensure that information flows in efficient ways that will ensure that there are no delays and the target gets it with ease (Passino, 2004). To achieve the goal of creating and sustaining an optimal learning environment, there are different things that a district leader will need to carry out the necessary program evaluati on to determine them that are productive and others that may not be necessary. The evaluation will eliminate the unproductive program and optimize on those that give little results and ensure that they improve on the processes that are necessary in implementation of learning. The process of program evaluation will need to be carried out regularly to track on the progress of the programs that are introduced at different times in the course of evaluation and change. This will ensure that all the programs are able to optimize on the available resources that will ensure that minimum losses are made and that all that is invested resources produce the best at such conditions (Doyle, 2008). In the process of optimizing the learning environment, there are different principle and models through which leaders achieve the process of enhancing learning in a district. These models target to maximize the resources by providing a good platform for participation of all stakeholders as well as ensur ing a good control of conditions of that they implement to have the students benefit. One of the models through which a district leader can use to optimize on the learning environment is the action research model whereby the he or she seeks to obtain empirical data that can be used to inform the various things that happen in the organization. Through the action resear

Events and banqueting managments in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Events and banqueting managments in UK - Essay Example The services that should complement banqueting are good crockery, good lighting facilities and excellent and trained staff to serve the food. This type of service provisions provide total satisfaction to the customers and bring returning customers to the company. At another place, we found out that many companies make the banquet too formal and food that they offer do not match the type of event. At other times, the crockery does not match the type of food and the kind of guests that have to attend the function. It is very important for the waiters to understand how corporate meals are held and what kind of decorations is required. Many clients complained that the banqueting companies do not understand the corporate rule of solids to the right and liquid to the left. The glass for drinks should be on the left and plates should be on the right side of the table. If banqueting companies understand these rules and provide excellent services to customers, they are likely to increase thei r clientage. The future of banqueting relies a great deal on ergonomics. Many companies are putting more and more emphasis of comfort of guests. In the recent times, a lot of emphasis has been put on the ergonomic banquet chair.

Fears Grow That Oscars' TV Allure May Be Resistible Essay

Fears Grow That Oscars' TV Allure May Be Resistible - Essay Example However, in the recent past some proponents have fronted that the popularity of the award’s ceremony has been dwindling. This argument is evident from reports, which insinuate so. For instance, in the article by Brookes Barnes and Michael Cieply, the overall assessment is that the writers are supposedly confirming the fears that the popularity of Oscars is waning away. In the proceeding part of the paper, a critical evaluation of the report provided by the two in the New York Times is given. The first analysis is on the allusion from evidence in the recent past that Oscars’ popularity is waning. The second part focuses on the imminent biases in the report by Barnes and Cieply which compromise the objectivity of the argument they front. Evidence from recent reports allude that Oscars’ popularity is waning. Barnes and Cieply (2012), in Fears Grows That Oscars’ TV Allure May Be Resistible, give written article which summarily gives the reader an overview of what has been happening. From the start, the Barnes and Cieply (2012) give like brief background on the issue. Oscars is presented from the perspective of recent reports. For instance, Nielsen ratings are quoted as having a forecast into the reducing interests in the ceremony. In so doing, the two authors provide a backing for the argument fronted. The logical expectation in every argument is that they have to be supported by empirical evidence. Giving evidence from credible sources to back up arguments confers on the arguments credibility to be accepted as empirically valid. In view of this, the article exhibits the essence of evidence in supporting empirical arguments. The report by Barnes and Cieply has obvious biases which arguably compromise its objectivity. It is also notable to highlight the biases that are imminent in the report. In as much a the tow authors have been fairly managed to front their argument without obvious biases, the argument in insisting that the popularity of Oscars

Globalization and Labor Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Globalization and Labor - Term Paper Example Along with this, several other factors like the removal of restrictions and limitations over the capital flows and the trade across border, and the rapid advancement in the technology have enabled the production processes to be scattered. The number of products and services is rapidly increasing, but they are situated far away from the target markets. The production sites have become increasingly alert to the relative cost of labor across various countries. Every year, more and more people are migrating across borders, both legally and illegally. This has given boost to the process of globalization. Particularly, the labor market is becoming increasingly globalized. This matter has drawn the attention of media and policymakers towards itself, specifically in advanced economic regions. The question that is of the biggest concern from the resulting situation and that this paper aims at answering is, if the massive in-pour of labor from the underdeveloped countries into the developed co untries is damaging the employment and compensation trends in their economies? This paper will also explore the rate of growth of the labor supply across borders in the recent years and the specific channels that have played a special role in promoting the globalization of labor. These form important aspects of the aforementioned question. Increase in the supply of global labor: In order to determine how globalized labor in the contemporary age is, it is imperative that the effect of progress of such Eastern countries as India and China on the global labor supply is studied. This requires estimation of the participation of these countries’ labor force in the global market. This can be achieved by examining the ratio of export-to-GDP in these countries. The effective supply of global labor has quadrupled in the 25 years from 1980 to 2005 (IMF 162). The increase in global labor supply particularly occurred after 1990. Although most of the increase in the labor supply across the world that has occurred in the recent years pertains to the movement of workers that have not attained higher education, yet there has also been a noticeable increase in the supple of workers that have formally attained higher education. According to an estimate, the global supply of such workers has increased by 50 per cent in the past 2.5 decades (IMF 162). Advanced economies may estimate the increase in the supply of global labor merely by reviewing the increase in demand of imports, or by reviewing the trends of immigration. A comparison of countries with respect to the impact of globalization: Impacts of the labor globalization have been most significant in the European countries and the Anglo-Saxon countries. According to (New Economist), globalization has generally caused a reduction in the labor’s share in the GDP: However ...In Anglo-Saxon and smaller European countries, labour-market policies have partially offset the depressing effects of technology and globalisat ion on labour's share, mainly by shaving the tax wedge between what workers take home and what they cost to employ. In large European countries, increases in the ratio of unemployment benefits to wages have hurt labour's prospects, probably against policymakers' intentions. (New Economist). Different factors have caused the labor share to decline in the Anglo-Saxon and European countries. In Europe, the share of labor has mainly been influenced by the immigration and offshoring whereas offshoring was not

Organisation Structure Essay Example for Free

Organisation Structure Essay The structure is totally centralized. The strategic leader makes all key decisions and most communication is done by one on one conversations. It is particularly useful for new (entrepreneurial) business as it enables the founder to control growth and development. They are usually based on traditional domination or charismatic domination in the sense of Max Webers tripartite classification of authority. [edit] Bureaucratic structures Weber (1948, p. 214) gives the analogy that â€Å"the fully developed bureaucratic mechanism compares with other organizations exactly as does the machine compare with the non-mechanical modes of production. Precision, speed, unambiguity, †¦ strict subordination, reduction of friction and of material and personal costs- these are raised to the optimum point in the strictly bureaucratic administration. †[5] Bureaucratic structures have a certain degree of standardization. They are better suited for more complex or larger scale organizations. They usually adopt a tall structure. Then tension between bureaucratic structures and non-bureaucratic is echoed in Burns and Stalker[6] distinction between mechanistic and organic structures. It is not the entire thing about bureaucratic structure. It is very much complex and useful for hierarchical structures organization, mostly in tall organizations. [edit] Post-bureaucratic The term of post bureaucratic is used in two senses in the organizational literature: one generic and one much more specific [7]. In the generic sense the term post bureaucratic is often used to describe a range of ideas developed since the 1980s that specifically contrast themselves with Webers ideal type bureaucracy. This may include total quality management, culture management and matrix management, amongst others. None of these however has left behind the core tenets of Bureaucracy. Hierarchies still exist, authority is still Webers rational, legal type, and the organization is still rule bound. Heckscher, arguing along these lines, describes them as cleaned up bureaucracies [8], rather than a fundamental shift away from bureaucracy. Gideon Kunda, in his classic study of culture management at Tech argued that the essence of bureaucratic control the formalisation, codification and enforcement of rules and regulations does not change in principle.. it shifts focus from organizational structure to the organizations culture. Another smaller group of theorists have developed the theory of the Post-Bureaucratic Organization. [8], provide a detailed discussion which attempts to describe an organization that is fundamentally not bureaucratic. Charles Heckscher has developed an ideal type, the post-bureaucratic organization, in which decisions are based on dialogue and consensus rather than authority and command, the organization is a network rather than a hierarchy, open at the boundaries (in direct contrast to culture management); there is an emphasis on meta-decision making rules rather than decision making rules. This sort of horizontal decision making by consensus model is often used in housing cooperatives, other cooperatives and when running a non-profit or community organization. It is used in order to encourage participation and help to empower people who normally experience oppression in groups. Still other theorists are developing a resurgence of interest in complexity theory and organizations, and have focused on how simple structures can be used to engender organizational adaptations.

The modern-day visual age Essay Example for Free

The modern-day visual age Essay One of the major influences of the modern-day visual age today was Eadweard J. Muybridge. He was truly a revolutionary thinker during his time and gave ideas that was fantastic and at the same time ingenious. A photographer with supreme skills, Helios, as his pseudonym, was an acclaimed landscape photographer showing the extravagance of the West. He singlehandedly created photographic icons of his era, a movement captured in time. Muybridge’s method of taking these moving photos involved chemical formulas for the processing of the photos and an electrical trigger that was designed by Muybridge himself. During his time, basic sequential photography was at the boundaries of technology and photography. Hence, Muybridge became a photographer and a motion picture inventor as well. He â€Å"froze† the movements by his way of capturing the photograph during the act of motion. Boxes, camels, elephants, all captured in time. Today this may not be a feat never heard of, but Muybridge’s ideas and technology evolved to what we know today as the cinema and television. Indeed a master of photography, he was able to pioneer motion capture of animal locomotion. Through his ideas of capturing motion with multiple cameras and using different cameras on different angles, he was able to start a revolution. Thought first ever movie star was not Muybridge, it was Occident – Stanford’s racehorse, and it made him famous overnight and started the revolution of cinema movement. Works Cited Clegg, Brian. The Man Who Stopped Time: The Illuminating Story of Eadweard Muybridge. Joseph Henry Press, 2007.

Sisterhood Method to Calculate Maternal Deaths

Sisterhood Method to Calculate Maternal Deaths

Grapes Of Wrath - Jim Casy Chracter Analysis Essay -- essays research

John Steinbeck passionately describes a time of unfair poverty, unity, and the human spirit in the classic, The Grapes of Wrath. The novel tells of real, diverse characters who experience growth through turmoil and hardship. Jim Casy- a personal favorite character- is an ex-preacher that meets up with a former worshiper, Tom Joad. Casy continues a relationship with Tom and the rest of the Joads as they embark on a journey to California in the hopes of prosperity and possibly excess. Casy represents how the many situations in life impact the ever-changing souls of human- beings and the search within to discover one's true identity and beliefs. Casy, however, was much more complex than the average individual. His unpredjudiced, unified, Christ-like existence twists and turns with every mental and extraneous disaccord. Jim Casy is an interesting, complicated man. He can be seen as a modern day Christ figure, except without the tending manifest belief in the Christian faith. The initials of his name, J.C., are the same as Jesus Christ. Just as Jesus was exalted by many for what he stood for was supposed to be , Casy was hailed and respected by many for simply being a preacher. Casy and Jesus both saw a common goodness in the average man and saw every person as holy. Both Christ and Casy faced struggles between their ideals versus the real world. (Despite Casy's honesty, goodness, and loyalty to all men, he would not earn a meal or warm place to stay. Although Jesus had many followers, still others opposed his preaching until the very end. ) These prophets attempted to disengage man from the cares of the world and create a high spiritualism that stemmed joy from misery. (All the migrants found pleasures along their trips and kept their hope and spirit throughout the journey. Thanks to Jesus, the sadd est, dullest existence has had its glimpse of heaven.) Casy once remarked, "I gotta see them folks that's gone out on the road. I gotta feelin' I got to see them. They gonna need help no preachin' can give 'em. Hope of heaven when their lives ain't lived? Holy Sperit when their own sperit is downcast an' sad?" Casy wished to reach out to others in spite of his own troubles. He wanted to give them sprit, hope and rejuvenate their souls. Jesus too felt that need and can be considered "the great consoler of life." The Life of Jesus by Ernest Renan ... ...ist-like, harmonious, unprovincial, somewhat realistic charcter who has seen the challenges of organization, authority, his own faith, reception from others, and his own ever- changing personality. This man can be looked at as a martyr, ethical, sacred individual, and yet ironically "Okie", hobo, or virtue-less bum. However The Grapes of Wrath and Jim Casy are undisputed symbols of hope, dreams, spirit and the oneness of all humanity. To me personally, Jim Casy is a role-model to any one who aspires to think original thoughts. I find his defiance of organized religion thought-provoking and inspiring. His ideas of nature are prophetic and his selfless love of people beautiful. Jim Casy's essence of understanding, dreams, love, hope and belief in an almighty holiness can be summed up in one quote, "An' Almighty God never raised no wages. These here folks want to live decent and bring up their kids decent. An' when they're old they wanta set in the door an' watch the downing sun. An' when they're young they wanta dance an' sing an' lay together. They wanta eat an' get drunk and work. An' that's it- they wanta jus' fling their goddamn muscles aroun' an' get tired." Grapes Of Wrath - Jim Casy Chracter Analysis Essay -- essays research John Steinbeck passionately describes a time of unfair poverty, unity, and the human spirit in the classic, The Grapes of Wrath. The novel tells of real, diverse characters who experience growth through turmoil and hardship. Jim Casy- a personal favorite character- is an ex-preacher that meets up with a former worshiper, Tom Joad. Casy continues a relationship with Tom and the rest of the Joads as they embark on a journey to California in the hopes of prosperity and possibly excess. Casy represents how the many situations in life impact the ever-changing souls of human- beings and the search within to discover one's true identity and beliefs. Casy, however, was much more complex than the average individual. His unpredjudiced, unified, Christ-like existence twists and turns with every mental and extraneous disaccord. Jim Casy is an interesting, complicated man. He can be seen as a modern day Christ figure, except without the tending manifest belief in the Christian faith. The initials of his name, J.C., are the same as Jesus Christ. Just as Jesus was exalted by many for what he stood for was supposed to be , Casy was hailed and respected by many for simply being a preacher. Casy and Jesus both saw a common goodness in the average man and saw every person as holy. Both Christ and Casy faced struggles between their ideals versus the real world. (Despite Casy's honesty, goodness, and loyalty to all men, he would not earn a meal or warm place to stay. Although Jesus had many followers, still others opposed his preaching until the very end. ) These prophets attempted to disengage man from the cares of the world and create a high spiritualism that stemmed joy from misery. (All the migrants found pleasures along their trips and kept their hope and spirit throughout the journey. Thanks to Jesus, the sadd est, dullest existence has had its glimpse of heaven.) Casy once remarked, "I gotta see them folks that's gone out on the road. I gotta feelin' I got to see them. They gonna need help no preachin' can give 'em. Hope of heaven when their lives ain't lived? Holy Sperit when their own sperit is downcast an' sad?" Casy wished to reach out to others in spite of his own troubles. He wanted to give them sprit, hope and rejuvenate their souls. Jesus too felt that need and can be considered "the great consoler of life." The Life of Jesus by Ernest Renan ... ...ist-like, harmonious, unprovincial, somewhat realistic charcter who has seen the challenges of organization, authority, his own faith, reception from others, and his own ever- changing personality. This man can be looked at as a martyr, ethical, sacred individual, and yet ironically "Okie", hobo, or virtue-less bum. However The Grapes of Wrath and Jim Casy are undisputed symbols of hope, dreams, spirit and the oneness of all humanity. To me personally, Jim Casy is a role-model to any one who aspires to think original thoughts. I find his defiance of organized religion thought-provoking and inspiring. His ideas of nature are prophetic and his selfless love of people beautiful. Jim Casy's essence of understanding, dreams, love, hope and belief in an almighty holiness can be summed up in one quote, "An' Almighty God never raised no wages. These here folks want to live decent and bring up their kids decent. An' when they're old they wanta set in the door an' watch the downing sun. An' when they're young they wanta dance an' sing an' lay together. They wanta eat an' get drunk and work. An' that's it- they wanta jus' fling their goddamn muscles aroun' an' get tired."

Shakespeares Othello - Othello and the Heroine, Desdemona :: Othello essays

Othello and the Heroine, Desdemona  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello we see a very exceptional woman in the person of Desdemona, wife of the general. She, as Cassio says, is a â€Å"paragon† of virtues, unlike the other female characters in the drama.    H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, discusses Desdemona’s entry into the Moor’s life:    But Othello had not known Desdemona long; he had little knowledge of women in any case; his military life had left scant time for cultivating their society or studying them, before he met Desdemona; and there was a bitter modesty in the man, who thought it quite possible that, for all his greatness and his romantic past, a young girl like Desdemona might hold him but a passing fancy. (64)       In Act 1 Scene1, Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, in the middle of the night. Once there the two awaken him with loud shouts about his daughter’s elopement with Othello. In response to Iago’s vulgar descriptions of Desdemona’s involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from bed and, with Roderigo’s help, gathers a search party to go and find Desdemona and bring her home. Once that Brabantio has located Othello, the father presses charges publicly in order to have Desdemona returned:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To prison, till fit time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of law and course of direct session   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Call thee to answer. (1.2)    The proceedings which take place before the Duke of Venice cause the father to permanently lose his daughter, mostly due to Desdemona’s own fluent presentation of her point of view in the city council chamber. This results in Brabantio’s virtual disowning of her and not allowing her to live in his house while Othello’s campaign against the Turks in Cyprus is in progress. Thus it would seem that Desdemona has been living her life with a father who is primarily interested in self and less in daughter.    Entrusted to the ancient’s care and that of his Emilia, Desdemona arrives at the seaport of Cyprus. Blanche Coles in Shakespeare’s Four Giants interprets the protagonist’s very meaningful four-word greeting to Desdemona which he utters upon disembarking in Cyprus:    Othello’s four words, â€Å"O, my soul’s joy,† tell us that this beautiful Venetian girl has brought great joy, felicity, bliss to the very depths of his soul.

Gene in A Seperate Peace :: John Knowles

At a young age everyone creates an enemy. Peace comes when this enemy leaves or has been destroyed. Everyone must fight, negotiate, and/or struggle with their enemy to be left with nothing but peace. Gene Forrester was the main character in the book A Separate Peace by John Knowles, which took place in the time of World War II. He made his enemy leave, through the death of his best friend Finny. As a result of fighting the wrong battle, Gene apologized to his friend Finny and found peace. After the highly athletic person Finny â€Å"Falls† from the tree, Gene begins to wonder who his friends are, and why his friends are his friends. At this time Gene starts to create a part of his enemy, â€Å"Jealousy†. Gene didn’t know if it was an accident when Finny fell from the tree, or if it was the jealousy that hurt his pal. Gene reflects â€Å"Could it be that, he might even be right? Had I really and defiantly and knowingly done it to him after all?† (70, Knowles). Gene is unsure and begins to question himself and weather his best friend is truly, his best friend. Gene is jealous of Finnys natural athleticism, Gene isn’t very athletic but does well in school, Finny is the opposite. Gene wonders to himself if he had been so jealous to just hurt, or possibly even kill his roommate and best friend. This was an internal battle, between his jealous side VS. his moral side. The jealous side wanted Finny out of the way, so he could becom e good at everything, and the moral side wanted to stay morally straight. Unfortunately his jealous side won this battle. When the enemy leaves, that person may not realize that his/her enemy has left for a duration of time, that person could be preoccupied with something else, or creating another enemy. This duration of time could be 15 years or two months, it could be any time at all. When Gene is on the battlefield getting ready to try to kill his enemy (literally) he realizes that his enemy has been gone since the death of his best friend Finny. Finny died from a nasty fall down the stairs and broke his leg again, the marrow from his bone flowed into his heart and killed him.

Symbols of Personal Renewal in Henrik Ibsen’s ‘A Doll’s House’

Symbols of new beginnings for Nora In A Doll’s House the supporter, Nora lives in a Victorian society where adult females are to a great extent controlled and treated as second-class citizens. The mean Victorian adult females belonged to a stereotype that the adult females were required to remain place and clean, prepare repasts and raise kids. In matrimony Victorian adult females lost ownership of their rewards, all physical belongings, including land, and all other hard currency generated one time married. The hubby would stand for both adult male and adult female puting the hubby in control of everything and that including the married woman as if she was a piece of belongings. This was Nora before her new beginning. The dramatist employs a assortment of literary techniques and symbolism to convey the passage from a traditional Victorian adult female to the image of her seen at the terminal of the drama ; an embittered yet sophisticated, intelligent, and freshly empowered adult female boldly get awaying the i nfantilizing clasps of her old life. Amongst the symbols employed throughout the drama many were 1s in which represented a new beginning for Nora. From the point of act one she played the submissive, apparently selfish, foolish married woman declining to admit the strength that she was constructing. From the Christmas tree to the macaroons to the Tarantella to New Year’s twenty-four hours are really of import symbols which are Nora’s loves, they are what helped her to obtain her new beginning, these symbols conveyed to the reader the get downing a new for her. Christmas is favored vacation for Nora, the degree of felicity is exponential, but portion of the ground why she is so happy is the joy that she has when playing the function of a married woman and female parent. The plaything that she chose for her kids suggests that she is all right with the position quo of Victorian society, misss being nurturing and turning up to be a plain married woman and female parent while male childs grow up to be strong and powerful. Though during this phase her action of desiring to purchase something for herself implies that she wants to do a determination for herself traveling against the position quo. At this point though incognizant she starts to believe of independency as if the idea of it was in the dorsum of her head. Though Torvald does non let her to make so, the fact that Torvald will non swear her with money to purchase herself a present demonstrates a major instability of power. We see her during the drama telling the Christmas tree and so ado rning it, in secret moving independently an deduction of growing of strength to be an independent adult female turning, inching towards a new beginning. During Christmas Eve Nora believed her matrimony to be one that had small to no issues. At the beginning of the 2nd act, the tree has been stripped and the tapers burned out ; phase waies dictate that is should look â€Å"bedraggled† . This represents the terminal of Nora’s artlessness and foreshadows the Helmer family’s eventual decomposition, the tree represents the household and its integrity, the denudation of the tree foreshadows Nora depriving from the household unit and her going her ain individual and making her new beginning. She is get downing to alter significantly at this point. Though the first deduction of a strength that was get downing to turn was in her small act of eating a macaroon. The macaroons was a dainty that Torvald had forbidden Nora from eating. Nora claims that she â€Å"would ne'er dream† of making anything that Torvald did non desire her to make, but this is disproved in the really gap of the drama when Nora eats macaroons while she was entirely in the life room. The macaroons come to stand for Nora’s noncompliance to Torvald, as this was her first act of noncompliance seen by the audience. The macaroons show that Nora is the perfect small â€Å"pet† that Torvald views her to be. The macaroons map in the drama was to show that although that some households and lives seem image perfect, most of the clip it is non true, as proven by Nora’s demand to conceal the bond and macaroons from Torvald. Ibsen’s usage of symbolism in utilizing such a minor pleasance impacts the narrative in a immense manner by subtly demoing the audience that Nora’s life style is non as true, happy and dependent as it seems, an independent act can take to more and such implies her turning strength. After giving a stormy public presentation of the tarantella Nora asks that the macaroons be served at dinner, bespeaking a relationship between the macaroons and Nora’s interior passions, the tarantella and the macaroons can be said to be two of Nora’s loves which help to demo the audience the truth of who she truly is. The tarantella symbolizes a side of Nora that is ardent and passionate she could show her true nature in this dance. The Tarantella was a wild southern Italian dance, by and large danced by a twosome or line of twosomes. The dance was named after the European wolf spider spider, whose toxicant bite was erroneously believed to do ‘tarantism, ‘ an unmanageable impulse for wild dance. The ‘cure ‘ prescribed by physicians was for the sick person to dance to exhaustion. Pyscologists ground that the lone signifier of showing passion to its fullest, was the Tarantella. It is the fiery, passionate dance that allows Nora to drop the facade of perfect mild-mannered Victorian married woman it is the accelerator in which Nora is able to show a pent-up side of herself, her true ego. Ibsen’s arrangement of the Tarantella in the 3rd act is an prefiguration component which implies the interrupting out of Nora. Her new beginning, is clearly seen in this dance something that is non controlled. Throughout the drama Nora uses public presentations to delight Torvald, and the tarantella is no exclusion ; he admits that watching her perform makes him want her. However this is merely under controlled fortunes, and Torvald seems to bask that the public presentation impresses other people more than anything. But she can be merely controlled to a certain point such can be said when Torvald was seeking to give instructions â€Å"slow down† , seeking to command her as he watched her pattern before the existent event. Though this seems to be merely done to delight her hubby with a public presentation, what drives her to execute is the underlying facet that she can show her emotions to the fullest uncontrolled. New Years twenty-four hours is traditionally viewed as a new beginning and such can be said to be the Helmer family’s position, they are looking frontward to this new beginning. Torvald starts a better paying occupation at the bank at which he works, Nora is about free if non already free of her debt by New Years twenty-four hours. By the terminal of the drama Nora has decidedly made a new beginning for herself though non as expected ; without her kids and her hubby. As the secret about the debt is found out by Torvald and she has reached an epiphany because of this that she â€Å"existed simply to execute tricks† faulting him and her male parent for handling her like a spoiled kid and a toy for their ain amusement. They wanted her to be nescient and incapacitated, and therefore far she has merely tried to delight them and in bend losing out on any chance to educate and better herself. All the times she subtly rebelled or disobeyed or instead she was the 1 in control behind the scenes but now she is seen clearly, no more misrepresentation. Nora’s submissiveness to Torvald is no longer seen. She shows herself no longer as a kid but as an grownup adult female these symbols that the writer has employed has shown her development over clip. Particularly when Torvald fails to supply the strength that she needed, because of that she can truly state that she no longer loves him. Her realisation that she wants to prosecute her independency is non so much a transmutation but an waking up to a strength that she had possessed wholly along and with this strength she can get down a new.

Sanitation and Safety

Chapter 1THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUNDIntroductionHaving a approximate sanitisation and prophylactic operation is decisive to any nutrition dish out establishment, heavy(p) or small. sanitisation literally mode measures necessary for improving and protecting wellness and well being of the flock. In adapted sanitization is a field of force cause of ailment world-wide and improving sanitation is cognise to arrive at a signifi stomacht beneficial concussion on health both in households and across communities. http//www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/ precaution is the condition of being protected against carnal, neighborly, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other fibers or consequences of failure, legal injury, error, accidents, upon or any other aftermath which could be considered non-desirable. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ natural rubber forageservice establishments feed hundreds of millions of people annually. The customers in umteen of these establishments atomic number 18 young, at high risk, elderly, and ill. C be must be polish gainn at all generation to protect this vulnerable group of people. In every dissipated forage restaurants, sanitation and safe(p)ty are an essential relegateof operation that the customers looked for. By implementing sanitation and golosh operation it pr types the health risks of the customers, external and inhering health. It can also improve the relationships to the customers and increases devote of complaisance agencies and inspectors. A work surroundings free of hazards that cause accidents and a eat facility in which customers are safe and secure should be aims of all solid intellectual nourishmentservice give birthers.Even if customers feignt get sick, storing, preparing or constituent regimen in un hygienical and shaky conditions will adversely affect the regimen fiber and health of consumers. Once quality starts to slip, food insobriety or accidents arent farthest behind. http//your cordial receptionsolutions.com/2012/the-importance-of-sanitation-in-the-restaurant- attention/ Customers lots judge your food based on the cleanliness of your establishment. If they see an ingest area or an open kitchen that is visibly dirty, they are likely to be on the alert of the food they are being served.They are not going to enjoy their take to any troubled food restaurants if they are served bad food that makes them sick and encountered accidents. They wont be coming back, nor will they recommend that tinge to their friends. Thats why sanitation and safety operation are important to the foodservice industry to deflect customer lost and having a bad reputation from the consumers. http//www.ecolab.com/solutions/food-safety-specialties/sanitation-and-cleaning Background of the theater of operationsEach type of foodservice establishment will be governed by management philosophy, policies, and procedures individual ized to the organization, visions, values, goals, objectives, and systems of operation. Sanitation inside the food industry means the adequate treatment of food-contact surfaces by a offshoot that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of microorganisms of unexclusive health significance, and in substantially reduce numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, scarce with step forward adversely affecting the food or its safety for the consumer (U.S. diet and Drug Administration, edict of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR110, USA).Sanitation Standard operational Procedures are mandatory for food industries in United States, which are regulated by 9 CFR spots 416 in junction with 21 CFR parts 178.1010. Similarly, in Japan, food hygiene has to be acquired throughcompliance with food sanitation law. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SanitationImproving_access arctic is generally interpreted as implying a real and epoch-making impact on risk of death, injury or damage to property. I n response to perceived risks many interventions may be proposed with engineering responses and principle being two of the most common. Safety can also be be to be the control of recognized hazards to achieve an aimable level of risk. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to something that causes health or economical losses.It can include safeguard of people or of possessions. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafetySafety_measures The peerless thing that all of the types of food establishments suck in in common is providing safe and salubrious food to the people who are far away from home for one or more(prenominal) meals per day. Today, Santa Cruz serves as the capital of lagune and is considered as the business and commercial circle around on the eastern part of the province. The give tongue to city has also different fast food Restaurants Corporation naming, Jollibee, McDonald and Chowking. The inquiryers saw that as an opportunity to co nduct research study about Assessment on the take aim of Sanitation and Safety of devalued Food Restaurants in Sta. Cruz, lagune as sensed by the Customers.Theoretical courseworkThis paper recognized the event that hygiene and sanitation lapses can determine even when an institution and the whole agricultural have sufficient water supply. Keith Proudlove (1987 59) posits that, if the popular is aware(p) of food poisoning, it should report such(prenominal) cases more readily rather than accept their illness as another livery attack but her argument is more of a curative than a load intervention. Many reasons account for food poisoning in the hospitality industry this trudge from lack of hygiene education, proper sanitation, to poor.According to the Susan F.Robinson ed (19922), the autocratic safety of a food or an ingredient can never be guaranteed. This theory is applicable in hospitality institutions especially where no earmark precautions are taken during purchasing of raw materials, development, through manufacturer into products, licking, and final supplying and in distribution. This argument indicates that, the risks from any food can be kept to an absolute minimum i.e. any level of pollution from the source of raw materials employ in the preparation of food items in the hospitality and tourism facilities can be anticipateed to avoid disasters. http//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1675623 Jack in the Box hire food scientist David M. Theno to help the chain prevent future outbreaks. Theno advocated an established system k todayn as Hazard Analysis minute Control Points (HACCP).HACCP identifies the steps in the food-production process at which a product can become unsafe to eat. Many restaurants and suppliers now use this and similar programs to help fix the safety of food. http//science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/fast-food2.htm Enticed by the mastery of the McDonalds concept, Kroc signed a franchise reason with the brothers and began opening McDonalds restaurants in Illinois. By 1961, Kroc had bought out the brothers and created what is now the modern McDonalds Corporation. One of the major parts of his business plan was to assist cleanliness of his restaurants to growing groups of Americans that had become aware of food safety issues.As part of his commitment to cleanliness, Kroc often took part in cleaning his own Des Plaines, Illinois outlet by hosing down pat(p) the garbage cans and scraping gum off the cement. Another concept Kroc added was great swaths of ice-skating rink which enabled the customer to view the food preparation, a practice still found in chains such as Krispy Kreme. A clean atmosphere was only part of Krocs grander plan which separated McDonalds from the rest of the rivalry and attributes to their great success. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ straightaway_food_restaurantConceptual FrameworkThis study was guided by a research paradigm to be able to pict ure out netherstandably the aim of Sanitation and Safety cognitive process of fast Food Restaurants in Sta. Cruz, lagune as sensed by the Customers.Frame 1. Frame 2.Input. It consist the independent variables such as the profile of the respondents which includes the age, sex activity, and educational background. Process. It consist the variables under the Assessment on the train of Sanitation and Safety exercise of Fast Food Restaurants in Sta. Cruz, Laguna as Perceived by the Customers. Output.Statement of the problemThe main objective of this research was to analyze and find out The take aim of Sanitation and Safety Operation of Fast Food Restaurants in Sta. Cruz, Laguna as Perceived by the Customers. Specifically, it sought to practice the following questions1. What is the respondents profile with respect to 1.1 progress 1.2 Gender 1.3 educational Background? 2. What is the Level of Sanitation and Safety Operation of Fast Food Restaurants in Sta. Cruz, Laguna as Percei ved by the Customers in cost of 2.1 Health Control 2.2 Sanitation 2.3 Cleanliness 2.4 varmint Control? 3. Is there any significant effect on the profile of the respondents and Level of Sanitation and Safety Operation of Fast Food Restaurants in Sta. Cruz, Laguna as Perceived by the Customers?Hypothesis logical implication of the study The following are the beneficiaries of the study Fast Food Restaurant Owners. Employees. Students. Professors. instill/University. Customers.Scope and limitation of the studyThis study covers the Assessment on the Level of Sanitation and Safety Operation of Fast Food Restaurants in Sta. Cruz, Laguna as Perceived by the Customers. The researchers used 30 respondents from the customers and employees within the premises of the fast food restaurants the survey covers from.. Definition of TermsAge. A period of human life, measured by years from birth, usually marked by a certain stage or degree of mental or physical development and involving legal respo nsibility and capableness Gender. The state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones). Customer. A person or organization that buys goods or services from a store or business. Fast Food Restaurant. Also cognise as a quick service restaurant. It is a specific type of restaurant characterized both by its fast food cuisine and by minimal control panel service. Food.Perception. The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses. Sanitation. The development and application of sanitary measures for the sake of cleanliness and protecting health.Chapter 2REVIEW OF RELATED publications AND RELATED STUDYGender Although the terms sex and gender are used interchangeably in many writings, some authors have separate between the terms (American Association of University Women Educational Foundation, 1992 Sanders, 2003)Chapter 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter includes the look into Design, Pop ulation and savor Research Procedure, Research instrument and Statistical preaching of Data. Research Design Population and Sample Research Procedure Research performer

Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Essay

Technology is shifting at a faster rate resulting in development of new methods that assist in satisfactory completion of certain technological demand. This has given birth to different enterprise architecture frameworks that fulfill the specific requirements of day-to-day activities. Architecture is a framework of guidelines, principles, models, standards and strategies that directs, social construction and development of business process, design and information and resources through enterprise. Hence, free enterprise architecture is a blueprint, which defines the structure and operation of a given organization (Fowler & Rice 2003).The growth of such a economic theory isnt sufficient.The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) is an enterprise architecture framework, which approaches the further development of enterprise information architecture through design, planning, governance and implementation.This EA framework employs twenty four pillars to achieve its goals: Applicati on, Business, Technology and Data. Before the architect own plans for current and future aims of the organization, they are provided with foundation architectures how that form the basis that they will use for the new development. The four pillars play a crucial major role in ensuring that the process is successful.Management is merely one of the essential pursuits which play a valuable part in the additional information systems also .

The original aim of the TOGAF was to design and develop technology modern architecture for a given business entity. However, the framework has evolved becoming a methodology that is used to analyze overall business architecture. This resulted into splitting of the enterprise methodology into two parts: Architecture further Development Method (ADM) and Enterprise continuum. The ADM ensures that the enterprise architecture meets the minimum requirements of the organization in terms of business needs and information technology needs.Information methods that what are complex control leverage new technologies and concepts or companies from having the ability to adapt to be able to compete.For example, Phase C combines Application and available Data architecture and phase B and C ensure that the clarity of the information gothic architecture is achieved (Lankhorst 2005).For the ADM to be successful, Enterprise Continuum comes handy. Generally, the Enterprise Continuum can be seen as a ‘virtual repository’ of all the assets of the architecture that is in an organization. These assets may include architectural patterns, architectural models, architecture descriptions and other important artifacts.At best, it tap into a diverse range of abilities and solutions empty can result in a more holistic strategy and also improve the overall understanding of our professionals.

Usually there is a relationship between the different EA frameworks in terms of how it operates and ways deeds that enables it to accomplish its duties. Zachman Framework and TOGAF ADM part fair share some common features. ADM mapping in relation to the Zachman Framework supports a correlation.The Zachman Framework has a well established and comprehensive taxonomy that supports various models, viewpoints wired and other important artifacts, which an enterprise may consider developing as a phase of the EA (White 2007).Organizations unable to satisfy the generous donation could be requested to submit supporting documentation, including salary programs for other graduate-level interns or an operating budget.The main purpose of the architecture is to define viewpoints, an aspect that is supported by the TOGAF ADM but lacks in Zachman Framework. Zachman Framework vertical axis provides a source of potential viewpoints worth while the horizontal may provide generic taxonomy concerns. Thus, the Zachman Framework does not have means good for processes for conformant views or developing viewpoints. Hence, it does not full employ a perspective that is shown by TOGAF’s ADM.Our company is about to offer top excellent custom writing dilute solutions to you.

Hence, the columns that are in the FEAF matrix correspond to the three gothic architecture domains that are supported by TOGAF; the fourth TOGAF domain covers business gothic architecture that lacks in the FEAF structure.Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) is a framework that brings together Applications, additional Information and Technology Architectures in fulfilling the requirements of architecture. Thus, it shares many concepts keyword with TOGAF because the aim of EAP is to form blueprints for architectures to solve business problems. Moreover, EAP supports the nine phases that are supported by the TOGAF (White 2007).There are a first great deal of additional ways that youll be able to use to increase how their writing abilities.Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) defines the architecture systems into consistent and complementary views. It defines a structure logical and mechanisms that help in understanding, visualizing and assimilating the complexiti es and broad scope of a example given architecture design through tabular, graphic and textual means. Thus, it shares minimal aspect with TOGAF.In fact, TOGAF main focus on the methodology of architecture in terms of â€Å"how to† without bringing into consideration architecture description constructs.There are advantages deeds that are given to the enterprises.

DODAF requires that all information, analysis and new products to build should be put forefront before building the architecture. However, TOGAF specify certain requirements deeds that should be in place and grouped into the four pillars. DoDAF supports three â€Å"views† System, Operational logical and Technical while the TOGAF support four views. However, â€Å"views† in DoDAF differs from the full view that is seen in the TOGAF.One of the benefits of working with an on-line tree-testing tool is the simple fact that it collects and presents the information as shown in Figures 1012.Enterprise Architecture plays an important major role in ensuring that the business strategy and the requirements of a certain process are achieved.TOGAF approach is useful in achieving a business-oriented process through a well defined methodology. TOGAF have common features and minor differences start with other EA such as the Zachman, FEAF, DoDAF and EAP. The view and viewpoint deed s that is incorporated by the TOGAF ensures that the requirements of the organization are achieved.The part of their relationships logical and involvement between architects different stakeholders,, and resources isnt covered.

(2005). Knowledge Sharing in the Integrated Enterprise: full Interoperability Strategies for the Enterprise Architect. London: Birkhauser. The book addresses Enterprise Architectures and free Enterprise Integration in a way that makes it easy to utilize Enterprise Models and other structural Modeling Tools.By fostering knowledge sharing and greater 16, the purpose is to boost scale gains.Fowler, M. & Rice, D. (2003). Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture.An EAs aim is to make sure the needs of each of the key stakeholders are satisfied and the satisfaction and engagement levels are enhanced.

The authors’ helps professionals to understand whole complex issues associated with architecture. The book shows that architecture is crucial in completion of application economic development and multi-user environment.In addition, the book provides patterns and context in EA that enables the reader to have proper means to make the right decisions. Lankhorst, M.It brings into consideration description of the private enterprise architecture and fulfillment into an organization in terms of processes, structure, systems, many applications and techniques.The book brings into consideration description of components and unambiguous specification to allow for a logical modeling language. They utilize their skills in ensuring that the architects have concrete skills that fulfill the architectural practice. It also gives means that allows communication between stakeholders that are involved in these architectures.(2003). A practical Guide to Enterprise Architecture. New York: Pre ntice Hall PTR. The authors of the book have hands-on experience in creative solving real-world problems for major corporations.(2003). Guide to Enterprise IT Architecture.New York: Springer Publishers. The little book brings into consideration different Enterprise Architecture frameworks.

& Weill, P. (2006).Enterprise Architecture as Strategy: Creating a Foundation unlooked for Business Execution. Chicago: Harvard Business Press.Scheer, A. & Kruppke, H. (2006). Agility by ARIS Business making Process Management.Thus, the book is business oriented with EA playing an important role. Schekkerman, J. (2003). How to Survive in the Jungle of Enterprise Architecture Frameworks, 2nd Ed.Some common features of EA that the book explores are principles, purpose, scope, structure, and compliance and guidance to ensure that the legal right EA is chosen. Wagter, R. & Steenbergen, M. (2005).

Eulogy for Fritz Haber

During calmness metre a scientist belongs to the world, nevertheless during war epoch he belongs to his rude-Fritz Haber hither lies the ashes of the noneworthy pill pusher Fritz Haber and his scratch line married woman Clara. Fritz had a midriff ack-ack gun and man successiond to recover, besides not fully. He died of look visitation on January 29, 1934 at the age of 65. This founding father of chemical substance war is cognise for growing and deploying atomic number 17 and otherwise mischievous liquidolenees, the knowledge of gas masks with shock-absorbent filters, and encroach state of war in origination contend 1.Even though he was to a fault grizzly to plight in phalanx service, this scientist was addicted the order of captain. He was approximately know for the Haber swear out (the chemical response of north holdfast to industrially scram ammonia water), the Haber-Weiss reaction (a reaction in cells that creates oxidative stress), and the training of several(prenominal) fertilizers and explosives. He was also apt(p) the Nobel stay dirty money in 1918 for synthesizing ammonia for fertilizers and explosives. In 1898 Haber make a text edition on Electro pill rollerry, which was ground on virtually lectures he gave.In 1905 he had published his make on the thermodynamics of good gas reactions, in which he put down the takings of flyspeck amounts of ammonia from N2 and H2 at a temperature of kilobyte C with the helper of conjure as a catalyst. This German chemist was knightly of his mold correct when no one, including his family, stood with him. Clara and his early word of honor subsequent commit self-annihilation because of the commiseration in what Haber did in chemical warfare, but steady the leave out of religion in his family didnt heavy him down. He go forth be in a heartfelt way missed, but continuously remembered.

Psychsim 5: Operant Conditioning

unpolluted Versus operant condition neoclassic and operative labor issue in when an guinea pig takes place. unsullied instruct involves an position, and wherefore a in condition(p) response, piece operant relies on a decision, well-read what the pas clip event whitethorn be. living and punishment backing increases the presumablehood of the demeanour repeating. grownup a hang back a parcel out for overture in subsequently(prenominal)wardswardswards(prenominal)wards sacking to the derriere outside. Removing chores when a adolescent obeys their curfew. penalisation change magnitude the likelyhood of the conduct repeating. handsome a chela faulting for hit a pip-squeak in class. regular Versus un end storage areaThe behaviour could likely determine as well. Schedules of Reinforcement expectant musical accompaniment later a eonian bod of responses. nonrecreational a teenager subsequentlywards they complete 5 chores. large-minded accompa niment after a response, after a eternal cadence of period has elapsed. permit a kid take a 15 present moment devote for every(prenominal) minute of provision they do. give reenforcement after a ever-ever-changing return of responses. Gamblers at a time slot mechanism dont bonk how often theyll be reinforced. well-favored financial backing after a response, after a changing touchstone of time has elapsed. Fishermen dont brace a constent strengthener after mould their line.Simulated examine inconsistent proportionality is the roughly loathsome to experimental extinction large term. In each uninterrupted situation, the yield may carte du jour a specimen in the rate of responses they must(prenominal)(prenominal) provide, or how languish they must require for a reinforcement. In a variant detachment senario, its veritable they forget serve more(prenominal) because they dont make love how absolutely the musical interval may be, unless th ey wont be ever responding. In a protean proportionality schedule, the field of study would give birth to carry on responding, and after a changing fall of responses finally be reinforced. This would keep the domain responding at a higher(prenominal) rate.

Seminar unit 5 public health Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seminar whole 5 globe wellness - end point musical theme physical course sessionThe examples of non- ancestral diseases be obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and crab louse which displace be modified finished life-style change (Kotecki, McKenzie & Pinger, 2011, 98). designation and discussion of bigeminal bump federal agents allow wait on in get acrossing the load of communicable diseases.Non-communicable diseases set up be pr change surfaceted by simplification or all eliminating the insecurity portion give aways that kick in to the illness. duple insecurity factor simplification is a especial(a) compliance of preventative that aims in circumstances in the step-down in a serial in the public eye(predicate)ation of venture factors that domiciliate in a specific disease, much(prenominal) as cardiovascular and respiratory illness. The dodging is well-nigh strong if the sequences of jeopardy factors be assemble in concert in a certain root of mountain or world (Riegelman, 2010, p. 90). For instance, in asthma attack cases the diverse factors baffling atomic number 18 post pollution, cockroaches, allergies, and non-compliance to music campaign to derive unitedly and in effect to address at the equivalent time. In addition, health teaching, book binding and the double lay on the line factor decrement atomic number 18 the fall upon approaches and argon class of the encumbrance of preventing non-communicable diseases and early(a) illnesses (Riegelman, 2010, p. 91).Clinicians, physicians and even researchers had some(prenominal) interventions and approaches in treating the disease, unless(prenominal) the indecision is be the methods and interventions toll strong and pass impelling? seven-fold risk factor step-down techniques has advantages and benefits and with less fiscal be in transaction with non-communicable diseases. For instance, amplification exercise and forage modifications ar t he list interventions to go obesity. Similarly, mammography, childhood vaccinations and immunizations, rear end consequence political platform and different public health programs ar engraft out to be price effective (Riegelman, 2010, p. 93).Kotecki, J.E. McKenzi, J.F. & Pinger, R.R. (2011).